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No country likes to admit that it has slavery in its midst, and this is certainly true of the countries where bonded child labor has been identified. Successive governments in India, Nepal and Pakistan have consistently denied the existence of bonded child labor, or that there are significant numbers of such children.
In these circumstances it is not surprising that figures of the numbers of children in bonded labor are all but approximations based on small-scale studies – which are the only source of data in the absence of national surveys. However, the growing body of evidence leads clearly to the conclusion that bonded child labor, and the broader issue of bonded labor of which it is a part, are commonplace – certainly in India, Nepal and Pakistan, and possibly in other parts of South Asia and beyond.
For example, in its 2003 report Small Change: Bonded Child in India’s Silk Industry, Human Rights Watch “has found that there are credible estimates of sixty to 115 million working children in India, of whom at least 15 million are bonded”. In a single industry, silk, “350,000 children are currently working. Almost all who are working for non-family members are bonded. The remainder are working for family members, most of whom are themselves bonded.”
In Nepal, a much less populous country than India, there are said to be at least 33,000 bonded child laborers – mostly working in agriculture and domestic service (Sharma, 1999).
Bonded child laborers are largely to be found in agricultural production, in domestic service and in a bewildering array of industries, including: beedi rolling; brick-making; carpet weaving; cottonseed production; fishing; the polishing of synthetic gems; making matches and fireworks; silk reeling, twisting and weaving; begging; working in rice mills; leather tanning; flower growing; silver work; manufacturing brassware, bangles, footwear, glass; brick-chipping and working in stone quarries.
Bonded Labor in South Asia: The Statistics Debate
While it is widely accepted that debt bondage exists in India, Nepal and Pakistan, there continues to be considerable controversy regarding the number of people actually held in bondage. It should be noted here that most official statistics cover male bonded laborers only. However, it is commonly found – for example in agriculture, brick kilns and quarries – that other family members are also working to pay off loans from landlords and employers, but are not included in the statistics.
In India, estimates vary between Human Rights Watch’s estimate in 1999 of 40 million bonded laborers and figures provided to the ILO in June 1998. In responding to the ILO Committee of Experts’ repeated request for a comprehensive survey, a representative of the Government of India stated that 251,000 bonded laborers had been identified, of whom approximately 231,000 had been rehabilitated. The Indian Government’s official figures grossly underestimate the scale of the problem. The 1978-79 survey, which was carried out jointly by the Gandhi Peace Foundation and the National Labor Institute, estimated that there were 2,617,000 bonded laborers in the 10 states surveyed. It should be stressed that this survey only looked at bonded labor used in the agricultural sector. The more recent report submitted to the Supreme Court by the Commission on Bonded Labor in Tamil Nadu (31 October 1995) estimated that there were approximately 1,250,000 bonded laborers in Tamil Nadu alone. Given the prevalence of bonded labor in other Indian states – Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, etc. it seems that the correct figure is more likely to be in the region of 20 million.
In Pakistan, the official number of bonded laborers is said by the Government to be between 5,000 and 7,000 persons. This also seems to be a completely unrealistic figure. The most recent survey of bonded laborers – carried out for the ILO by the Pakistan Institute of Labor Education and Research (PILER) in October 2000 – indicates that up to 6.8 million persons were living in conditions of bondage as share croppers in Sindh Province – i.e. were forced to give unpaid labor to their landlords. A more conservative estimate – counting only those who said they were indebted to their landlord – would be 1.8 million persons. The majority of these are “untouchable” Hindus. The same study estimates that across the 4,000 brick kilns in Pakistan, up to 700,000 persons are in debt bondage, over half of them women and children. These figures do not include workers in carpet weaving factories, where it is known that there is a high incidence of bonded child labor. |
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